How to Improve Your Essay Writing

How to Improve Your Essay WritingIn the past, college essay writing was made a lot easier than it is today. If you had a great writer, you could get your essay finished in a weekend, and the final exam could be done within the day.Many people still go back to college to get their college essay completed, but now it can be a very difficult process. There are a lot of points to consider and you need to know the different elements of the essay. In today's world, writing a short essay is no longer enough. You also need to be able to focus on a specific topic, manage the flow of the essay, analyze the content, and find an appropriate ending.It can be challenging to write an entire essay, but if you do it right, you can often finish in a day or two. In this article, we will look at some of the steps you need to take to improve your essay writing.First, you need to understand that your writing is your first impression, so make sure you are not rushing through it. Remember that you are writi ng for a specific audience, so there is no room for any fluff.By not writing out the whole essay, you will probably need to revise your essay. Sometimes this can be done by asking a college advisor to clarify some points, but you should also be able to find the actual question you were addressing. You should also know that you need to be able to write at a very fast pace to work on the essay.First, you will need to revise your essay. You might not be able to understand the entire essay right away, but you should be able to get a sense of the main points. You can read your essay to yourself first to review the main points. Make sure that you are sure that your own essay flows the way you wanted it to.After reading the essay several times, make sure that you can be sure that you understand what you are reading. Remember that your final essay is one of the most important things that you will ever write.

Themes In Fahrenheit 451 - 1218 Words

Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, is set in a dystopian society. The government’s main belief is happiness is the result of everyone being equal. The government believes that certain books should be forbidden because those books bring false, individual ideas, which make people unhappy. Guy Montag is just like every other fireman: he does not read the books, just burns them. Then one day, he meets Clarisse, a young girl, that challenges his viewpoint of life. After several conversations with her, he begins to question the government’s ideals. He starts stealing and reading the forbidden books, and he begins to understand the purpose of those books. Montag then meets up with an old friend, and they make plans to start a revolution by†¦show more content†¦In a conversation with his wife, he said, ‘There must be something in books, things we cant imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there. You dont stay for not hing’ â€Å"(Bradbury 51). By saying this, he is showing that the old woman really got to him. The woman challenged his viewpoint of books by staying in her house because she believed the books were more valuable than her own life. After witnessing this, Montag begins to steal and read the books that he is supposed to burn, and starts to understand their purpose. The old woman’s actions challenged his viewpoint which started his character change. Ultimately, through the first part of this novel, Guy Montag is depicted as a law-abiding citizen but later starts to change when an old woman challenges his viewpoint of books. In the second part, The Sieve and The Sand, Guy Montag starts to understand the true purpose of books and meets up with an old friend to start a revolution. Clarisse dies and Montag is very upset about it. Clarisse was one of the first people that showed Montag the true meaning of life and continued his change. When he is talking to his wife about the meaning of a book, he says, ‘These men have been dead a long time, but I know their words point, one way or another, to Clarisse (Bradbury 72). Before he met Clarisse, a book was just an object to burn. However, Clarisse showed Montag what the world was truly about. When heShow MoreRelatedThemes In Fahrenheit 4511376 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury we look in the year 2053 and see how much the human race has changed. Montag, a fireman loves his job of destroying books because they go against all rules in the new world. Although, Montag starts to question what is in the books that makes people want die for them. Montag ends up stealing a book, and as a result, he has to burn his own house down, and runs from the authorities. The culture, characters, and theme in Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 create aRead MoreTheme Of Fahrenheit 451801 Words   |  4 PagesThe theme of the novel Fahrenheit 451 is incredibly complex and completely entw ined with almost every description and word choice the author chose to employ. On the surface, it appears to be simple commentary on the incompetence of those unwilling to cooperate with the system and the agitation they caused by their socially-aberrant behaviors, i.e. Clarisse McClellan’s love for talking about unconventional topics and a deep appreciation for nature. Yet, once one looks deeper into the metaphoricalRead MoreTheme Of Allusion In Fahrenheit 451922 Words   |  4 PagesFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury is full of different allusions from different books and authors and also full of themes connected to the allusions. Some of the allusions in the book are Henry David Thoreau and his book, Walden. Guy Fawkes and the book of Job connect to the book as well. The theme of Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden, is the effects of oppression. In his book he wants to get away from the industrial society. â€Å"Escape the trappings of industrial progress † (Thoreau). He isolatesRead MoreTheme Of Oppression In Fahrenheit 451710 Words   |  3 PagesFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury uses many allusions to show the oppression in their society. Bradbury uses alludes to the book of Ecclesiastes to show how there is no individual thought in the Fahrenheit 451 society. He also alludes to Thomas Paine’s book Common Sense because it inspires individual thought and uprise against the government. Last, Bradbury alludes to Henry David Thoreau’s book, Walden to show how the Fahrenheit 451 society should be open to positive change. The use of the book ofRead MoreTheme Of Symbolism In Fahrenheit 4511016 Words   |  5 PagesRay Bradbury was one of the most popular science fiction authors of the twentieth century. He was able to bring his world alive in the minds of his intended audiences. In one of his more popular novels, Fahrenheit 451, the world seems more gloomy than it does in today’s time. In this futuristic world, books and knowledge are severely disgraced. It is against the law to have any book of any kind in your possession. Paul Trout says this is because books disturb people by posing questions and booksRead MoreTheme Of Knowledge In Fahrenheit 451791 Words   |  4 PagesRebirth and a Journey Towards Knowledge The book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury follows the journey of a ‘fireman’ who rapidly begins to find faults in his society. The story of this fireman, Montag, quickly became a staple of the dystopian fiction genre. To emphasize themes of rebirth and society’s battle between knowledge and ignorance, the author employs extensive allusion, potent imagery, and character development. The use of allegorical allusion is used by BradburyRead MoreTheme Of Fire In Fahrenheit 4511246 Words   |  5 PagesThe world of Fahrenheit 451 is not a place that one may want to live. It is a dystopian world. With authoritative control and absolutely no individual freedom, the author Ray Bradbury really set out to emphasize not only the need for literature/knowledge but also the power technology holds in his envisioned future. The novel being titled Fahrenheit 451 one might have thoughts of heat or burning or fire. Whether fire is being used as a weapon of destruction or a way to cleanse the impurity in theRead MoreThe Dystopian Themes Of Fahrenheit 4511372 Words   |  6 Pagesthough Fahrenheit 451 was written over 50 years ago many of the dystopian elements Bradbury applied to his story also apply to our current society. A large portion of today’s world is in a dystopian state such as North Korea, Sierra Leone, Chad and even Disneyland shows dystopian char acteristics. The citizens that live in North Korea believe that they are in a utopian state, they worship their leader as a God, have a bureaucratic control and also propaganda control. Four dystopian themes in FahrenheitRead MoreTheme Of Power In Fahrenheit 451860 Words   |  4 Pagesof others or the course of events.† This theme is shown throughout the novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. However, there are different forms of power. Different forms of power can be seen throughout the book, and even in many short stories and poems. These different forms of power can be either good or bad, depending on how the power is used. Power can come from fear, wealth, or leadership and trust. One form of power is fear. The novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury takes place in the futureRead MoreTheme Of Censorship In Fahrenheit 4511285 Words   |  6 PagesThis idea or theme called censorship, is the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.Bradbury’s ideals for this novel have shown a different light on what a society can function like and how the people are so unaware of such as knowledge and happiness. The theme of censorship is proven in the novel by the firemen and how they are so uneducated about the ideas of knowledge and happiness, the

Slavery During The 19th Century Essay - 1423 Words

American’s who live in the 21st century know that slavery is terrible and also a touchy subject. But Americans used to rely heavily on slavery, how we perceive slavery in today’s society can either be the same or different from how others thought of slavery living within mid 1800s. People who resided in the northern region of American found slavery wrong as we do today. Americans who lived farther south however liked, and relied on slavery. In today’s world, we Americans almost all agree that slavery had been a negative factor of our country. But within the 1840s and 1870s, Americans had been divided by slavery. People that were against slavery created the union as the pro slavery citizens created the confederates. Today, we can see why people of the mid 19th century either supported slavery or rebelled against it by reviewing sources. The sources used to show how Americans thought of slavery comes from multiple chapters within the Sources for America’s History. Some of which, reflect some authors or speakers opinions as other are written observations or recorded council meetings. As stated, these are opinions respectively giving by the authors that can be either pro or anti abolishment enthusiast. Some of the abolitionist consist of David Walker, with his preamble to Walker’s Appeal in Four Articles (1830). Ethan Andrews was a professor of ancient languages at the University at the University of North Carolina. Ethan recorded his experiences with slave and slave owners asShow MoreRelatedSlavery During The 19th Century1636 Words   |  7 Pages# 2 In the early years of the 19th century, slavery was more than ever turning into a sectional concern, such that the nation had essentially become divided along regional lines. Based on economic or moral reasoning, people of the Northern states were increasingly in support of opposition to slavery, all the while Southerners became united to defend the institution of slavery. Brought on by profound changes including regional differences in the pattern of slavery in the upper and lower South, asRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century1780 Words   |  8 Pages 13 September 2015 Slavery in 17th Century VS Slavery in the late 19th Century Many people view slavery as one consecutive time period where African Americans were captured and kept to serve the needs of Caucasian individuals and families. But not very many people know the true extent of slavery among the colonies. Less are aware of the nature in which slavery evolved from a trading industry in the 17th century into its greater known state of forced labor in the 19th century. When most peopleRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century851 Words   |  4 Pages During the 19th century, the cause for abolition was ubiquitous to William Lloyd Garrison. In a society built on the freedoms for the average man, Garrison was justifiably astonished, often angered, by the misrepresentation and condoned treatment of African Americans. Garrison was not alone in his astonishment, there were a myriad of abolitionists, commonly found in the northern states, which protested and discussed how to achieve abolition. Despite the evident similarity of interests, GarrisonRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century1446 Words   |  6 Pagesand wonderful continent filled with luxurious and wealthy kingdoms, but that had all changed when a new and appalling type of slavery was introduced. Around the 18th century, Africa became an ideal place for Europeans to trade and buy slaves from. The slave trade in Africa seemed to be manageable and somewhat peaceful before the Europeans brought in a new type of slavery. When the Europeans bought slaves from Africans, they kep t them as slaves for life which were very different from how long slavesRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century2226 Words   |  9 Pages Slavery in America began once the first African slaves were born at the North yank colony of village, Virginia. Slavery was practiced throughout the yank colonies among the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and African-America. By the mid-19th century, America’s westward enlargement, in conjunction with a growing termination movement among the North, would provoke a wonderful dialogue over slavery which may tear the state apart among the bloody yank warfare. the legacy of slavery continued toRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century900 Words   |  4 Pages In the early 17th century, the system of racial slavery had yet to be established. Slavery in North America evolved unevenly over the years, and the nature of slavery changed according to time, region and the colonizer. Generally, slaves suffered from malnutrition, diseases, intense labor and physical abuse from the slaveowners. The life of plantation generation was much harder as compared to charter generation. These people hardly escaped slavery as manumission was strongly discouraged by theRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century1511 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery, an issue never addressed in the 19th century, but needed to be. It was a huge, controversial subject in the past, affecting the blacks, as well as the people of the North and South due to their strong beliefs and differences in opinion. Southerners treated slaves poorly because they believed they were better than African Americans. Though, we are all equal, the majority of people did not see the world that way back then . Slavery was unfair and had a horrible effect on the slaves. AlthoughRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century1212 Words   |  5 Pages During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Africans who remained enslaved were captured in battles or kidnapped. Some of these slaves were sold into slavery for debts. Once the slaves were in captivity, they would go through the â€Å"Middle Passage† which was a long journey that the slaves rode on in slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies for purchase. I think slavery led to racism because of everything that these slaves endured. It is there heritage just as I have mine. AfricanRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century2090 Words   |  9 Pages TITLE It all started in the 15th century, when the Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa. They used these slaves to work sugar plantations on the Madiera and Azores islands off the African coast. Because using slave labor to produce sugar was profitable, Europeans decided to adapt slavery in the newly established American colonies (Newman, John J. 6). When European settlers began staking claim on American land, they hit one major bump in the road. All of these rich wealthyRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century895 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1800’s to 1850’s, slavery was undergoing a huge development in which helped the nation to grow into what it is today. The United States was split into two sections, the north and south, over the dispute of slavery. The south sought to further slavery while the north was in favor of abolishing slavery. Around 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, two politicians with completely different views on slavery fough t each other with politicians trying to win the presidency election of 1860

International Human Resource Management Multinational Corporations

Question: Discuss about theInternational Human Resource Management for Multinational Corporations. Answer: Introduction In the daily current time positioning of internationalism and the urge for globalization, one of the greatest interest is the international human resource management. The IHRM is at a random growth of becoming an important aspect of conceptualization in the need for resource management practitioners; they ought to be in a common state of all the characters that makes it a more practical actualization while in practice. (Gippert et.al, 2016). It is one of an important tool to the HR managers who are at the high points in the multinational corporations, which can have an inclusion of the international joint ventures and also the domestic HR bases managers who are in the position of bringing in a staff majorly from the overseas. Different views of how the conceptual actualization comes out are the need to know the complexity of HRM and the vast IHRM. (Gippert et.al, 2016). The importance of the IHRM comes along with real standardization of development rather is when it is a view of the interrelationship of its integration to the comprehensive strategies and goals. (Jackson eta.al 2015). It makes a bright work out that it is a general field where an interrelation is bound to the challenges it faces at all times to make human resource management success in the international desk forum. (Kramar, 2014). It due to the tendency of increasing globalization and the need for ease of mobility of information and ease in communication that has had an en-surety of operational concern at the international level. To begin with, the importance of integrating the IHRM and the strategies of the multi-national organizing is the attribution of the gap the IHRM takes in role playing. There are five major parts which are in a concern table, to be able to have a description for it, is the inclusion of recruitment and the general selection as major role players in the organization. (Almond, 2016). In most of the global organizations, one of the greatest challenge is in the need to manage and staff approach which has a random effect of which unyielding at causing an effect to the type of the employees the company will be a general consideration. (Paille et.al, 2014). As part of bringing out the concept apparently, an example of a company which has an ethnocentric method in approaching the problem of employing and staffing, it is at a position of having difficulties in making the post of the organization as it creates its market network in the global competition. The other important aspect of a discussion is the development and an exposition of training to members which has an ultimate target of offering sufficient personnel in training. It is majorly in provision by the IHRM and in a general course, it helps a company achieve its set goals. As part of training in achieving its goals the need of having better performance of the organization and growth. (Punnet, 2015). When having a view of this concept from a global level, a clear aspect of human resource management is a visualization where the experts have an autonomous responsibility of having the training and development are in incorporation, and the direct link is to the employees in location as well as the subsidiary around the globe. When an emphasis is at the base of specialization of training is in the preparation of all the expatriates in having a connection to the broad market coverage. (Warner, 2016). When having a consideration on a centralized type of programs of the IHRM, the ap proach, and commands of training have an origination from the headquarters and some of the corporates trainers who are on the verge to travel and train. They usually have an adaptive mechanism to the local situations the deal with at the moment of training. (Ozbilgin et.al, 2014). At the instance of a decentralized type of IHRM kind of training program, the general training takes place at local levels, most of the times they follow the polycentric type of model which acts as a guide to the overall carrying out of the activities. (Hollinshead et.al, 2014). In this kind of program, the traditions and cultures of the trainees as well as the backgrounds are at most times similar. In this context, the trainees have a development of materials and major techniques which have a composition to help them in their areas. The need for performance and evaluation to be able to have an active functionality of the international human resource management. When this is brought down to the level of companies performance, an evaluation is done at a regular performance of administration and also intentions of development. (Kemayou, 2014). When an evaluation is at bay, mostly there is doubt of having the performance a primary concern. In the aspect of multinational companies and organizations, the general act of the performance appraisal is usually at an interval of a year implying that it is at an annual rate. (Wilton, 2016). The need and the general activity of performance evaluation are at the dependence of an organizational human resource management strategies which helps in manipulating the international standards of a forum. Remuneration is also an important aspect in integrating the global human resource management to multinational business strategy as it one of the functional approaches of the international human resource management. When the issue of remuneration comes to consideration is the role of the employees in this context. (Liebowitz and Frank, 2016). While having the need to hire employees, payments must be available and have uniform global qualifications so as to enable the easy transition of information and communication all through the different levels. To have a development in the global systems, the compensation, and the overall benefit will accrue to the firms which will feature two major concerns. (Armstrong and Tailor, 2014). One of the concern will be the need to have comparability, with an excellent compensation attributes of dispersion of the general salaries of the employees. The other aspect of concern is the cost that should be expenditures to the company, a major organizational struggle in the actual reduction of expenses as one of the payroll major being one of the largest. Lastly, one of the resort in the labor relations functionality of the IHRM will have a description of the roles of having the management of all the workers in the vast workplace. (Rees and Edwards, 2016). As part of the recommendation, which has an explicit into the need to have recognition which will have an inclusion to the parent organization of the peculiar paths to have an achievement in a management of the reflection of all the assumptions and the general core values in mitigation of a home culture. Next step has one ambiguous way to have recognition in this way which is in extraction from the parent organization. (Nel et.al, 2014). The incorporation of all the preference in which are having an origin from the headquarters, it is an emphasis of acknowledging cultural diversity, it also has the aim to have an action orientation to the making it discussable and hence useable. Some of the major issues and challenges that are in close relation to international human resource us that one of the crucial problems that seem to be having a universal obligation is the need to achieve a set target. From the perspective of having a relation that will have an increasing demand on the global interpretation of the integration and as part of that the excellent coordination of the general local response of the overall debate. (Mathis et.al, 2016). One of the primary challenges is the very exorbitant rates of failure in the expatriation as well as the repatriation. When this mix strikes, then there is an often model of having the skills organization into a real geographical location. (Berman et.al, 2015). As well as the knowledge of the market, and the dissemination of facts along the organizations. Different laws of labor are at the expense of being at an influence with the political laws and climate differences. A greater aspect comes when the need of technological upg rade comes in to be an advancement. At a different perspective, the IHRM has the challenge which has an inclusion on the international organizational models which are as a result of various policies in place. (Knowles, et.al, 2014). The extent to which the policies of the IHRM and at a practice extent which causes variation in the set in the different countries. As a result, the problems which arise next is the problem of managing people under different environments and having different cultures. (Gippert et.al, 2016). Most of the approaches which are in place are that they are a greater notion of deploying and as well as of managing the expatriates who majorly may having a constitution of the parent company. One of the effects of diversity in culture and environment is that an emphasis will be within the stated culture and an increase in the quality of the relationship, which turns to be a significant ground to venture. Other challenges in association with the international human resource management are the managing different aspects which will have an inclusion of selecting the right persons for any task as well as the adjustments which should be in the family and the communication and culture. The challenge as when to view the clarification of the all the taxation issues will be a coordination of the foreign grounds. (Glendon et.al, 2016). More external complexity may have their origin from the political, religious and the heightened exposure of the risks due to some factors like health, and terrorism and all the financial consequences after that. (Cavusgil et.al, 2014). It is when the same is a view from the perspective of the forces which have a major turn on the global integration as a fact on the operational needs and the strategic mode of coordination as well. At a different way of description, the forces can be with a view of having a local responsiveness at the end of the ordeal. In the verge to seek solutions to the challenges facing the IHRM, a different manipulation will be laid to have a counter solution to able-able to handle the situations at hand. There are many issues which are at the circle of political-legal, culture differences and the labor market as well as language barriers all along. (Wilson, 2014).Thus the bodies which are the responsible take off the international human resource management will be able to address all the issues to be at the place of complying with the rules which within the context. (Bach, 2016). A program should be an introduction to be able to cater for the success of the businesses at international level. A different target to get the issues solved is a submission of compensation policies to address the need to have a working environment. (Storey, 2014). The need to have all aspects in one place will accrue to the general culture which can be in a manipulation which will see it being necessary for solving the attributes of the differences in management. In conclusion, the challenges, and importance in discussion bring up the notion of the global integration as with the general local responsiveness as a way of creating an initiation to the top notch. Through the general actualization of the aspects of international strategies of businesses to be able to have a counter theory to be at the solution end. The issues of dealing with managing issues to have demands of the global integration of the actual construction of the under specified category of strategies. (Almond, 2016). There are many aspects of being in consideration as at the need for managing the international platforms as a way of helping the global market and all the cultures. IHRM is in a general context of comparability which makes a reduction of the informative perspective of how to work with international corporations and organizations. The inclusion of the ground was taking goals which will include the cultures and legislation of the participants. (Mello, 2014). The need to guard policies and have them coincide at a global level thus when this is at the position of interception, a more valuable chance can be an integration to be off the verdict as part of the actual concept of suppressing the IHRM at the global setting. References Almond, P., 2016. National employment systems and international HRM.International Human Resource Management, p.28. Bach, S., 2016. International migration and HRM.International Human Resource Management, p.293. Glendon, A.I., Clarke, S. and McKenna, E., 2016.Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Geppert, M., Matten, D. and Williams, K. eds., 2016.Challenges for European management in a global context: Experiences from Britain and Germany. Springer. Liebowitz, J. and Frank, M. eds., 2016.Knowledge management and e-learning. CRC press. Mathis, R.L., Jackson, J.H., Valentine, S.R. and Meglich, P., 2016.Human resource management. Nelson Education. Rees, C. and Edwards, T., 2016. Globalization, national systems and multinational companies.International Human Resource Management, p.1. Wilton, N., 2016.An introduction to human resource management. Sage. Warner, M. ed., 2016.Changing workplace relations in the Chinese economy. Springer. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. zbilgin, M., Groutsis, D. and Harvey, W., 2014.International human resource management. Cambridge University Press. Berman, E.M., Bowman, J.S., West, J.P. and Van Wart, M.R., 2015.Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage Publications. Mello, J.A., 2014.Strategic human resource management. Nelson Education. Storey, J., 2014.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Storey, J., 2014.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Hollinshead, G., Forson, C., Rocha Lawton, N. and Calveley, M., 2014. Key Players in International Human Resource Management.International Human Resource Management. Punnett, B.J., 2015.International perspectives on organizational behavior and human resource management. Routledge. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.1-56. Wilson, J.P., 2014. International human resource development: Learning, education and training for individuals and organisations.Development and Learning in Organizations,28(2). Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Nel, P.S., Werner, A., Botha, C., Du Plessies, A., Mey, M., Ngalo, O., Poisat, P. and Van Hoek, L., 2014.Human resources management. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Kemayou, Y., 2014. Organization and Assessment.International Human Resource Management. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Osabutey, E.L., Nyuur, R.B. and Debrah, Y.A., 2015. Developing Strategic International Human Resource Capabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa. InInternational Human Resources Management(pp. 37-51). Springer International Publishing. Kramar, R., 2014. Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(8), pp.1069-1089. Knowles, M.S., Holton III, E.F. and Swanson, R.A., 2014.The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. Routledge.